THE 2nd MILLENNIUM

The 2nd millennium was the thousand-year period that commenced on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000, encompasses the High Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Early Modern Age, the age of Colonialism, industrialization, the rise of nation states, and culminates in the 20th century with the impact of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in many nations. The centuries of expanding large-scale warfare with high-tech weaponry (of the World Wars and nuclear bombs) were offset by growing peace movements from the United Nations, the Peace Corps, religious campaigns warning against violence, plus doctors and health workers crossing borders to treat injuries and disease and the return of the Olympics as contest without combat.
Scientists prevailed in explaining intellectual freedom; humans took their first steps on the Moon during the 20th century; and new technology was developed by governments, industry, and academia across the world, with education shared by many international conferences and journals. The development of movable type, radio, television, and the Internet spread information worldwide, within minutes, in audio, video, and print-image format to educate, entertain, and alert billions of people by the end of the 20th century.
From the 16th century, humans migrated from Europe, Africa and Asia to, what was to them, the New World, beginning the ever-accelerating process of globalization. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, with home offices in multiple countries. International business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought.
The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, (from 310 million in AD 1000 to 600 million in AD 1700), and later increased tenfold over its last three centuries, exceeding to 6 billion in AD 2000.

The 2nd millennium was a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. This is the second period of one thousand years Anno Domini.
The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. So the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar (or occasionally the Proleptic Gregorian calendar).
The current millennium is perhaps more popularly (albeit inaccurately) thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31, 1999–January 1, 2000—with few on the actual date a year later. The inaccuracy stems from the assumption that there is a year zero, however this is not the case for this calendar.

HEER RANJHA

Heer Ranjha (Punjabi: ਹੀਰ ਰਾਂਝਾ, ہیر رانجھا, hīr rāñjhā) is one of the four popular tragic romances of the Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiba,Sassi Punnu and Sohni Mahiwal. There are several poetic narrations of the story, the most famous being 'Heer' by Waris Shah written in 1766. It tells the story of the love of Heer and her lover Ranjha. Well-known poetic narrations have also been written by Damodar Das Arora, Mukbaz and Ahmed Gujjar, among others.

The invocation at the beginning
(The Legends of the Panjab by RC Temple, Rupa and Company, Volume two, page 606) Rag Hir Ranjha

“

Awal-akhir naam Allah da lena, duja dos Muhammad Miran Tija naun mat pita da lena, unha da chunga dudh sariran Chautha naun an pani da lena, jis khave man banhe dhiran Panjman naun Dharti Mata da lena, jis par kadam takiman Chhewan naun Khwaja Pir da lena, jhul pilave thande niran Satwan naun Guru Gorakhnath de lena, patal puje bhojan Athwan naun lalanwale da lena, bande bande de tabaq janjiran

”

Translation
First and last, take the name of God; second, of the Great Muhammad, the prophet (of God)
Third, take the name of father and mother, on whose milk my body thrived
Fourth, take the name of bread and water, by eating which my heart is gladdened
Fifth, take the name of Mother Earth, on whom I place my feet.
Sixth, take the name of Khwaja (Khazir, the Saint), who gives me cold water to drink
Seventh, take the name of Guru Gorakh Nath who is worshiped with a platter of milk and rice
Eighth, take the name of Lalanwala who breaks the bonds and the chains of captives

HEER RANJHA

STORY

Heer is an extremely beautiful woman, born into a wealthy Jat family of the Sayyal clan in Jhang, Punjab. Ranjha (whose first name is Dheedo; Ranjha is the surname), also a Jat of the Ranjhaclan, is the youngest of four brothers and lives in the village 'Takht Hazara' by the river Chenab. Being his father's favorite son, unlike his brothers who had to toil in the lands, he led a life of ease playing the flute ('Wanjhli'/'Bansuri'). After a quarrel with his brothers over land, Ranjha leaves home. In Waris Shah's version of the epic, it is said that Ranjha left his home because his brothers' wives refused to give him food. Eventually he arrives in Heer's village and falls in love with her. Heer offers Ranjha a job as caretaker of her father's cattle. She becomes mesmerised by the way Ranjha plays his flute and eventually falls in love with him. They meet each other secretly for many years until they are caught by Heer's jealous uncle, Kaido, and her parents Chuchak and Malki. Heer is forced by her family and the local priest or 'mullah' to marry another man called Saida Khera.

Ranjha is heartbroken. He wanders the countryside alone, until eventually he meets a 'jogi' (ascetic). After meeting Baba Gorakhnath, the founder of the "Kanphata"(pierced ear) sect of jogis, at 'Tilla Jogian' (the 'Hill of Ascetics', located 50 miles north of the historic town of Bhera, Sargodha District, Punjab), Ranjha becomes a jogi himself, piercing his ears and renouncing the material world. Reciting the name of the Lord, "Alakh Niranjan", he wanders all over the Punjab, eventually finding the village where Heer now lives.

The two return to Heer's village, where Heer's parents agree to their marriage. However, on the wedding day, Heer's jealous uncle Kaido poisons her food so that the wedding will not take place. Hearing this news, Ranjha rushes to aid Heer, but he is too late, as she has already eaten the poison and died. Brokenhearted once again, Ranjha takes the poisoned Laddu (sweet) which Heer has eaten and dies by her side.

Heer and Ranjha are buried in Heer's hometown, Jhang. Lovers and others often pay visits to their mausoleum.

SUCHA SINGH SOORMA STORY

SUCHA SOORMA

Sucha Singh is a folk legend (one of the famous Punjabi Kisse) in Punjab, perceived by some as having restored the "family honour" by killing his sister-in-law Balbiro and her alleged extramarital lover Ghukkar, who at one time was his own best friend. Sucha Singh is believed to be of the Jawanda clan.

Sucha and Ghukkar – Two best frieds, went to recruit for Army (to Multan). Sucha was recruited in volunteer unit, and Ghukaar came back to the town. After coming back, he started having dirty desires for Sucha’s sister-in-law (Bhabhi) Beero. (Her real name was Balbir Kaur and she, too liked Ghukkar). There was a man called Bhag Singh who helped Biro and Ghukkar meet. (Ghukkar was a dominant personality in town. He was a Mal [wrestler] and a rich person). When they two started meeting, Biro’s husband (and Sucha’s brother), Narayan Singh tried to stop her. But she didn’t. Then he wrote a letter to his younger brother Sucha Singh, in which he described all his tragic story. Reading letter, the brave Sucha clenched his teeth, got his name cut off the recruitment list and came back to village. Once there, he summoned some wise persons of the area and sent several messages to Ghukkar asking him to stop what’s he doing. But Ghukkar won’t give a damn to his messages. Sometime later, a Gawantri (Folk Singer, who sets up a stage and an open theatre and entertains the people for some 3-4 days daily to collect money, residing in the village all the while) came to the town.

Sucha was listening to a song one evening, when someone from Ghukkar’s party teased him. Sucha was enraged. And there it goes – Both parties are about to start… Only some brave will come forward in the mishap. Listen to what happens later:

Lala lala ho gayi, Akhada geya hall si, Gharo Ghareen tor ‘te Such te Mal si.
Vich pe gaye bande kujh jimmevaar si,Shuru ho gayi fer to Dulle di vaar si..

There was a hullabaloo and noises everywhere, and the Theatre’s gathering was disturbed.But Ghukkar Mal and Sucha were sent back to their homes. Because some intelligent men had separated them quickly and got the situation under control.

Yaar ‘katthe ho gaye si Ghukkar Mal de,
Yaar ‘katthe ho gaye si Ghukkar Mal de, Tikhe kari firde Gandase kal de
Kehande Malla suche de karaange dakkray…
Kehande Malla Suche de karaange dakkray, daaru pee ke veehan ‘ch bulaunde bakkray..
Muchh futt munde ho gaye do-do haarhe ch, Muchh futt munde ho gaye do-do haarhe ‘ch,
Mundeyaan di dhaani fer aa gayi Akharay ch…
Dooje paase Suche Sorrmay daler ne.. Ikko saah ‘ch adhiya muka ‘ta Sher ne..

Dooje paase Suche Sorrmay daler ne.. Ikko saah ‘ch adhiya muka ‘ta Sher ne..

Chakk layi bandook soormay ne haar ke, tur peya khes di bukkal mar ke

Pujj geya othe jitthe laga gaun si, Bhag te Ghukkar ‘khaade vich bhaun ji…

Pujj geya othe jitthe laga gaun si, Bhag te Ghukkar ‘khaade vich bhaun ji…

Suche ne gawantari nu ditta note si....

Suche ne gawantrari nu ditta note si, Mal ne kasoote mauke maari chot si.

Sayyian naal Biro le ke langhi paani nu

"Main daang naa' vasaoon ghar Biro raani nu

Hai ta koi aave sahmanay maidaan 'ch, Maa ne je koi putt jammeya jahaan 'ch"

Sun ke eh agg lagg gayi shareer nu... Chad geya karodh Suche soorveer nu...

Gusse 'ch wagaah ke paraah khes mareya, Suche ne si fer Mal nu wangareya

"Ho ja hun jeho jeha hona Mal'a oye, pichho tu Narayene nu takaya 'kalla oye..."

Ho ja hun jeho jeha hona malla oye, pichho tu narayene nu takaya 'kalla oye

Changi pagg-wattiyaan di paali lajj tu, bach ke ni jaanda mere hattho ajj tu"

Dabb ditta ghoda te dhamaaka pe gaya.... Lala lala go gayi 'khaada viche reh gaya

Khind gaye sarotay machi hahakaar si... bhajj chale jinne ghukkar de yaar si...

"Das Malla kitthe ne himayati tere oye, oh vi aake vekh len hath mere oye..."

"Jaan vi de Sucheya" Ghukkar kookda, ene vich ghoda dabb 'ta bandook da.

Mall da jahaan ton muka 'ta seer si. Palaan vich thanda ho gaya sareer si...

O Bhag leke kandh de khada si ohle nu, maan jhatt piche tor 'ta vichole nu.

Chaar-panj fer foke kite fire si, saare pind vich varta 'ta kehar si

Dove laashaan payiyan satth ch khilariyaan, din khade band ho gaye boohe baariyaan

Galiyaan de vich si sannata chha gaya, hoya keharwaan jatt ghare aa gaya

Later on, as the tale is told, Sucha knew well that his sister-in-law was at equal fault as Ghukkar. So he decided to put her to an end too. He shot her dead, rode his horse and fled from the town. From that day, he became famous as Sucha the dacoit.

After the events that took place in Sucha's village, he never returned back to the town and kept moving on, killing numerous people who wanted to rule over the poor and the weak, and was known as a hero among those whose lives he had saved.

Later on, around 1930s he was captured by the British police. At that time he had killed, as the records said, eleven people so far. He was given death penalty by Britisher's Punjab High Court of that time and was hanged to death.

erosion material .

Keywords: Erosion, turbines, pipes

1. Introduction

A multidisciplinary field concerned with the generation and application of knowledge relating to the composition, structure, and processing of materials to their properties and uses. This field needed the complete knowledge of material behavior. It forms a bridge of knowledge from the basic sciences to various engineering disciplines.

The study of metallic materials constitutes a major division of the materials science and engineering field. Most metals have a crystalline structure of closely packed atoms arranged in an orderly manner. In general they are good electrical and thermal conductors. Many are relatively strong at room temperature and retain good strength at elevated temperatures. Metals and alloys are often cast into the nearly final shape in which they will be used as different parts of fluid machinery. Ferrous metals and alloys contain iron as their major metallic element; nonferrous metals and alloys contain elements other than iron as their major metallic element. 

Erosion is described as the progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical Interaction between the surface and a fluid which may be a multi-component fluid or impinging solid or liquid Particles. Corrosion is a material degradation process which occurs due to chemical or electrochemical action, while erosion is a mechanical wear process.^[1] But my study is based upon the only erosion. The erosion rate of blades is 10 times greater than the erosion wear of hub. The erosion rate is found to be more severe near the leading edge as compared to other parts of impeller. The simulations which were carried out on impeller show that particle size affects the erosion rate only up to certain size of particles and depends on the impact angle. Slurry is a mixture of solids and liquids. Its physical characteristics are dependent on many factors such as size and distribution of particles, concentration of solids in the liquid phase, size of the conduit, level of turbulence, temperature, and absolute (or dynamic) viscosity of the carrier. Microstructure investigation was carried out in order to reveal the nature of damage of the specimen under various test conditions using a scanning electron microscope. Although several factors influence the formation of deposits on turbine components, the general effect is the same no matter what the cause. Adherent deposits form in the water passage, distorting the original shape of turbine nozzles and blades. These deposits often rough or uneven which are at the surface increase resistance to the flow of steam. Distortion of water passages alters water velocities and pressure drops, reducing the capacity and efficiency of the turbine. Where conditions are severe, deposits can cause excessive rotor thrust. Uneven deposition can unbalance the turbine rotor, causing vibration problems.

COBRA AND THE CROW

Somewhere in the country, under a banyan tree, there lived a pair of crows, husband and wife.
Now, whenever the female hatched her eggs, a black cobra would come out of the hollow of the tree, climb up, and make a meal of them.
Nearby, under another banyan tree, there lived a jackal.
The crows told him everything,

'Friend', they said, 'the black cobra creeps out of the hollow of the tree, climbs up and eats up our children.
Tell us, what can we do to protect our children ? It's become dangerous for us to live here'.

'Don't give up hope', said the jackal, 'it is a fact that a powerful enemy can be destroyed by a trick.'
The crow said, 'Friend, do tell us how we can kill this wicked cobra.'

'Well', said the jackal, 'go to a city that is the capital of a kingdom.
Visit the house of some wealthy man, a minister or someone, and see if he has been careless enough to leave a gold chain or a necklace lying about.

Pick it up, and making sure that the servants are watching you, fly off slowly with it and drop it in the hollow of the tree where the cobra lives.
When the servants run after you to recover the necklace , they'll see the cobra e and it's certain, they'll kill him.'

The crows decided to take the jackal's advice and flew off.
As they were flying, the female crow noticed a lake, in which the women of the harem were swimming.

They had left gold and pearl necklaces with their clothes on the banks of the lake.
The female crow picked up a gold chain in her beak and started flying slowly to her nest.

When the eunuchs saw this, they picked up their sticks and started running after the female crow.
She let the gold chain fall near the hollow of the tree where the cobra lived and seated herself on a tree nearby.

When the king's servants arrived on the scene, they were confronted by a cobra with swelling hood, before the hollow of the tree.
They killed the cobra with sticks, recovered the gold chain and returned home.
And the crows lived happily ever

The wise indeed say: Even a very powerful enemy can be destroyed through deceit.

DONKEY WHO SANG A SONG

DONKEY WHO SANG A SONG

Once upon a time, there lived a washerman in a village. He had a donkey by the name of Udhata. He used to carry loads of clothes to the river bank and back home everyday. 

The donkey was not satisfied with the food, that was given to him by his master to eat. So he wandered into the nearby fields stealthily and ate the crops growing there. 

Once, the donkey, while wandering around, happened to meet a fox. Soon, both of them became friends and began to wander together in search of delicious food. 

One night, the donkey and the fox were eating water-melons in a field. The water-melons were so tasty, that the donkey ate in a large quantity. Having eaten to his appetite, the donkey became so happy that he was compelled by an intense desire to sing. He told the fox that he was in such a good mood that he had to express his happiness in a melodious tone. "Don't be a fool. If you sing, the people sleeping in and around this field will wake up and beat us black and blue with sticks:' said the fox worriedly. 

"You are a dull fellow", the donkey said hearing the words of fox. "Singing makes one happy and healthy. No matter what comes, I'll definitely sing a song." 

The fox became worried to see the donkey adamant to sing a song in the midst of the field, while the owner was still sleeping only a little distance away. 

Seeing his adamance, he said to the donkey, "Friend, wait a minute before you start. First, let me jump over to the other side of the fence for my safety." 

Saying so the fox jumped over to the other side of the fence without losing a moment. 

The donkey began in his so-called melodious tone. Hearing, suddenly, a donkey braying in the field, the owner woke up from his sleep. He picked up his stick lying by his side and ran towards the donkey who was still braying happily. The owner of the field looked around and saw the loss caused by the donkey. He became very angry and beat him so ruthlessly that the donkey was physically incapacitated temporarily. He, somehow, managed to drag himself out of the field with great difficulty. 

The fox looked at the donkey and said in a sympathetic tone, "I'm sorry to see you in this pitiable condition. I had already warned you, but you didn't listen to my advice." 

The donkey too realised his folly and hung his head in shame.

HOLY MAN AND A SWINDLER

Once upon a time, in a lonely temple there lived a holy man called Dev Sharma. Many people used to visit him and present him with money and finely woven garments, which he sold and got very rich on the proceeds.

And by nature, he trusted nobody.

Night and day he kept the treasure purse under his armpit and would not part with it even for a second.

A swindler, who robbed other men of their money, noticed that the holy man always kept the treasure purse under his armpit.

He said to himself, 'How could I rob this holy man of his money! It's difficult to make a hole through the walls of the temple or to get in over the high gates, so what I'll do is, charm him with honeyed words so that he accepts me as his disciple.

And when he has put confidence in me, some day he'll fall into my clutches.'

When he had resolutely made up his mind, to carry out this plan, the swindler i approached the holy man, stood before him with reverence and said, 'Om Namaha Shivaya!'( I bow before Lord Shiva, the God of death)

With these words he threw himself humbly on the ground before the holy man and said, 'Oh Guruji! I am fed up of this life. Please do guide me so that I follow the right path in this life and find happiness .'

When the holy man heard this, he said kindly, 'My son, you are indeed blessed that you have come to me at this young age, surely I will guide you.'

When the swindler heard this, he fell on the ground before the holy man, touched his feet, and said, 'Oh, Guruji, please do accept me as your disciple.'

'My child! answered the holy man 'I will, but on one condition, that you will never enter the temple at night, because a holy man is recommended to stay alone at night without company and meditate . We will keep to it, you and I.'

'And so', continued the holy man, 'after taking the vow of initiation, you will have to sleep in a thatched hut at the gate of the temple.'

'I shall willingly carry out your wishes', said thr swindler

At bedtime, the holy man initiated the swindler according to the rituals and made him his disciple. The swindler massaged his hands and feet, waited upon him and made him happy but nonetheless the holy man did not part with his money bag even for a second.

After some time, the swindler began to think, 'He does not trust me at all! Shall I knife him in broad daylight, poison him or kill him like a wild animal?'  While he was thinking this over, the son of one of the holy man's disciples, from a nearby village, came to give him a personal invitation and said, 'Guruji,! Today the ceremony of the sacred thread takes place in our house.

Please come and sanctify it with your presence.'

The holy man accepted the invitation willingly and started off accompanied by the swindler

On the way, they came to a river.When the holy man saw the river, he folded his money bag in his robe and said, ' Oh my child! Look after this robe with the vigilance of a Yogi until I return.'

And he went into the bushes.The minute the holy man's back was turned, the swindler vanished with the money bag.After the holy man had answered the call of nature, he slowly returned, thinking about his money.When he got back, he failed to find the swindler but saw only his robe, lying on the ground.He peered anxiously inside but could not find his purse. He began to cry out, 'Alas! I have been robbed'. And he fell on the ground in a swoon.After sometime he returned to his senses.

He got up and began to shout ' Oh! Where are you, you rascal! Answer me!'

After he had shouted like this in a loud voice, he slowly trailed the swindler's footsteps until, just before evening, he came to a village.He stayed there for the night and in the morning, returned to his temple.

This wise indeed say : Do not be taken in by the sweet words of a swindler.'